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Islamic Credit Cards

14 countries · 80 issuers · 480 cards

Find a credit card that does not charge interest.

Every Shariah-compliant credit card we can verify, in one place. Not just the marketing bullets: the contract the card is actually built on, the profit rate the bank really charges, and a link to the fee schedule the number came from.

Start with your country

What counts as an Islamic credit card is not the same everywhere. The contract, the regulator and the rules that decide whether you qualify all change at the border.

United Arab Emirates

AED

101 cards from 18 issuers

Islamic card structures in the UAE are far more varied than the common summary suggests, and the variation is the most useful thing a consumer can know. Across the issuers researched for this dataset, the dominant contract is NOT Ujrah but some form of commodity Murabaha / Tawarruq: Standard Chartered Saadiq (commodity Murabaha, per its published ISSC pronouncement), RAKislamic (structured Murabaha), ADIB (commodity Murabaha over a 10-year tenor, certified against AAOIFI Shari'ah Standard No. 61), Mashreq Al Islami (explicitly Tawarruq), Emirates Islamic (Murabaha over EIFL certificates), and FAB Islamic and ADCB Islamic (both commodity Murabaha with a Wakala offset account, with the word 'ujrah' appearing in neither bank's card documentation). DIB is different again and uses Salam — the customer sells commodities forward to the bank and draws on the proceeds held in an Investment Wakala account. Pure Ujrah cards do exist but are the receding generation: Standard Chartered's withdrawn Saadiq Platinum Ujrah carried NO profit rate at all and an AED 800 monthly maintenance fee instead, and Emirates Islamic's surviving Skywards Platinum and Skywards Gold are priced off a legacy monthly-fee-by-credit-limit table. RATE QUOTING IS MOSTLY, BUT NOT ALWAYS, MONTHLY. Emirates Islamic, DIB, ADIB, RAKislamic, Standard Chartered Saadiq, FAB and ADCB all lead with a monthly percentage; several also publish the annualised equivalent (ADIB 3.75%/month = 45.63% APR; ADCB 3.69% = 44.28%; FAB up to 3.99% = 47.88%; Emirates Islamic 3.25/3.59/3.69% = 39/43.08/44.28%). Mashreq Al Islami is the clear exception: its Key Facts Sheet states the Tawarruq profit rate ANNUALLY only (29.4% to 46.2% per annum) and publishes no monthly figure. Any comparison table must normalise the units or it will rank Mashreq as an outlier purely through a presentation difference. WHETHER PROFIT IS WAIVED ON FULL SETTLEMENT IS THE SINGLE MOST VARIABLE TERM, and the wording matters more than the fact. RAKislamic states it flatly and contractually: 'No profit on retail transaction balances will be levied if 100% of the statement outstanding balance is paid on or before the payment due date.' Standard Chartered Saadiq is similarly firm but carves out cash: 'No Profit rate (excluding for Cash Advances) will be levied in case 100% payment is made on or before the payment due date.' Mashreq Al Islami, Emirates Islamic, ADIB, DIB and FAB all make it DISCRETIONARY — 'the Bank may waive the profit for that month at its sole discretion' (Mashreq), a 'Discretionary Rebate' (DIB), a shareholder-funded Bonus that FAB's own definitions say 'should not in any circumstances create a contractual obligation even if it is continuously or repeatedly given'. ADCB is the notable positive outlier among the windows, publishing an actual profit-free period of 20 to 25 days from transaction date on full settlement. MARKET SHARE — UNVERIFIED FIGURE, TREAT WITH CARE. A search-engine summary of the CBUAE's 'Banking Indicators December 2025' page reports the share of Islamic banks in total banking assets at 18.1% as of December 2025. That page was fetched directly (HTTP 200) but publishes its figures through a downloadable data file rather than in the rendered HTML, so the number could NOT be confirmed by primary read and is recorded here as unverified rather than asserted. Anyone publishing this figure should open the CBUAE statistics file itself first. AAOIFI: recorded as null rather than true. A direct read of the CBUAE 'Standard Re. Shari'ah Governance for Islamic Financial Institutions' found AAOIFI mentioned only as one of the bodies whose professional certification qualifies the head of an institution's internal Shari'ah control or audit function — not as a blanket adoption of AAOIFI Shari'ah standards. Individual products are certified against AAOIFI standards (ADIB's covered card cites Shari'ah Standard No. 61), but a general CBUAE adoption mandate was not verified in the documents read, so the field is left null instead of guessed.

Malaysia

MYR

88 cards from 27 issuers

Malaysia's Islamic card market is structurally different from the Gulf. Cards were originally built on BAI' AL-INAH (sale-and-buyback) after the SAC permitted it in 2001 (18th meeting, 12 April 2001, resolution 89: 'Islamic Credit Card Based on Bai` `Inah and Wadi`ah'). The SAC then tightened bai' al-inah at its 16th (11 November 2000) and 82nd (17 February 2009) meetings, requiring two clear and separate contracts, no stipulated repurchase condition, different execution times, correct sequence, and real transfer of ownership and possession — and resolved that a stipulation to repurchase renders the contract VOID. That tightening, combined with international scholarly rejection, pushed the market to TAWARRUQ (commodity murabahah), executed mostly through Bursa Malaysia's Bursa Suq Al-Sila' commodity platform. BNM's current policy document 'Credit Card and Credit Card-i' (BNM/RH/PD 028-141, issued 19 December 2025) recognises only TWO approved Shariah concepts for credit card-i — tawarruq (paragraph 9) and ujrah (paragraph 10). Bai' al-inah is not among them, and paragraph 8.4 requires BNM's prior approval before an issuer changes the underlying Shariah concept of a credit card-i product. Tawarruq is now the most widely used contract across Islamic banking generally: Islamic bank financing on tawarruq grew from RM456.1 billion (2019) to RM622.5 billion (2022), an 11% CAGR (BNM Financial Stability Review, Second Half 2022).

Saudi Arabia

SAR

111 cards from 12 issuers

Saudi Arabia is the largest Islamic banking market in the world and its whole retail market is Shariah-compliant, which makes it the most misunderstood market in this data set: there is no separate 'Islamic' shelf to shop from, because there is nothing else on the shelf. It is also NOT an Ujrah market, unlike most of the Gulf — but nor is it uniform. Across the ten issuers covered, the split is: MURABAHA at Al Rajhi Bank and STC Bank; TAWARRUQ at Saudi National Bank, Bank AlJazira, Saudi Awwal Bank and Arab National Bank; Murabaha at issuance for part of Bank Albilad's range; and NO NAMED CONTRACT at all at Alinma Bank, Riyad Bank and meem, all of which market their cards as Shariah-compliant without stating the underlying contract. Al Rajhi, the world's largest Islamic bank, states in its card terms that it grants the cardholder 'a Shari'a compliant Murabaha Finance' which it deposits into a segregated card account that the bank may not use and that is expressly not a loan to the bank; on repayment the bank 'undertakes to return a portion of the monthly profit of the Murabaha Finance, subject to the absolute discretion of the Bank' — an ibra' (rebate) that is discretionary rather than contractual. Saudi Awwal Bank documents the Tawarruq alternative just as explicitly, executing a FUDOLY commodity sale when the minimum payment option is used and none at all if the balance is settled in full. Bai' al-Inah, permitted in Malaysia, appears in no Saudi card documentation reviewed.

Pakistan

PKR

8 cards from 17 issuers

Pakistan is on a constitutional deadline to eliminate riba, and this is the single most important fact about its card market. The Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2024 (Act No. XXVI of 2024, assented 21 October 2024) substituted Article 38(f) of the Constitution so that the State shall 'eliminate riba completely before the first day of January, two thousand twenty-eight'. That is a hard constitutional date of 1 January 2028 for the whole financial system, not an aspiration. The lineage is long: the Council of Islamic Ideology advised in 1969 that interest-based lending constituted riba; SBP issued BCD Circular No. 13 in 1984 titled 'Elimination of Riba from the Banking System'; the Federal Shariat Court ruled on 14 November 1991 that existing banking practice was predicated on interest and set a 30 June 1992 deadline; the Supreme Court upheld that on 23 December 1999 with a 30 June 2001 deadline; the deadline was missed, extended to 30 June 2002, and Islamic banking was instead re-launched in 2001 as a PARALLEL system. THE CONSEQUENCE FOR CARDS: despite forty years of riba-elimination policy, and despite Pakistan having the largest full-fledged Islamic banks in South Asia, only TWO institutions in the country issue a Shariah-compliant credit card. Meezan Bank (the largest and first Islamic bank, est. 2002), BankIslami Pakistan and Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan issue NO credit card at all — each verified against the institution's own current Schedule of Charges, in which the string 'credit card' appears zero times. Pakistani Islamic banks have concentrated on debit cards. The market's two card structures are Tawarruq-via-Musawamah (Faysal, on Islamic Mutual Fund units) and Commodity Murabaha (Standard Chartered Saadiq, on a physical commodity through a trader). Both are organised-tawarruq structures rather than the Ujrah (fixed fee) model dominant in the Gulf. Note also the pricing level: the published APRs are 43-45% (Faysal) and up to 45% (Standard Chartered), reflecting Pakistan's policy-rate environment rather than any Shariah premium.

Indonesia

IDR

10 cards from 4 issuers

Only three issuers currently offer Islamic credit cards in Indonesia: Bank Syariah Indonesia (3 cards), CIMB Niaga Syariah (5 cards) and Bank Mega Syariah (2 cards) — ten cards in total. The market has SHRUNK rather than grown. Bank Danamon's Dirham Card, launched July 2007 as Indonesia's first Islamic credit card under the fatwa and BI Circular Letter No. 9/183/DPbS/2007, had been withdrawn by 2010. Most of Indonesia's Islamic banks — Bank Muamalat, BTPN Syariah, Bank Aladin Syariah, BCA Syariah, Panin Dubai Syariah, and the regional BPD syariah units — issue no credit card at all; Bank Muamalat's well-known Shar-E brand is now a DEBIT card range, not credit. The economics are strikingly consistent across issuers: the recurring monthly charge is set as a fixed Rupiah amount tied to the CARD LIMIT rather than to the outstanding balance, at 1.75% of limit for BSI and Bank Mega Syariah and 2.625% for CIMB Niaga Syariah, and it is then netted down by a 'cash rebate' or 'rebate' on payment. Where the three differ sharply is penalties: BSI charges NO late fee and NO over-limit fee at all, while Bank Mega Syariah charges ta'widh from Rp50,000 and an over-limit fee of Rp250,000, and CIMB Niaga Syariah charges ta'widh of Rp75,000 or Rp100,000.

Qatar

QAR

38 cards from 5 issuers

Four full Islamic banks issue consumer credit cards in Qatar: Qatar Islamic Bank (QIB), Qatar International Islamic Bank (QIIB), AlRayan Bank (Masraf Al Rayan) and Dukhan Bank. There are no Islamic windows at conventional banks - QCB ordered them closed in 2011 (see key_rules). QIB describes itself as the first Islamic bank to operate in Qatar, from 1982, and the largest today. Two distinct card economics coexist in the market: (1) a 1% MONTHLY PROFIT RATE on the unpaid balance, used by QIB, AlRayan and QIIB, all with a 45-day profit-free period and a 5% minimum payment; and (2) a FIXED MONTHLY FEE scaled to the credit limit, used by Dukhan, charged only when the minimum-payment option is used and nil when the balance is paid in full, with a 3% minimum payment. The dominant named contract is INTERNATIONAL MURABAHA - a commodity/metal-portfolio murabaha with a one-month maturity, explicitly documented by both QIB (Cards T&C clauses 25-26) and AlRayan (credit card T&C 3.6-3.7). Dukhan is the exception, naming Qard Al Hasan plus Ujrah. QIIB names no contract publicly. Note that this is NOT the Ujrah-dominant pattern of the UAE, nor Malaysia's Bai' al-Inah, which AAOIFI prohibits.

Kuwait

KWD

35 cards from 5 issuers

Four Islamic banks are on CBK's register: Kuwait International Bank, Kuwait Finance House, Boubyan Bank and Warba Bank. A fifth, Ahli United Bank - Kuwait, ceased to be a separate issuer after amalgamation into KFH; KFH announced completion of the integration and migration of over 280,000 AUBK customers in September 2024. The defining feature of the Kuwaiti Islamic card market is that NO PROFIT RATE IS CHARGED ON THE BALANCE. Boubyan's card terms state "No profits shall be charged to the due balance"; Warba's card FAQ states each product is "a Sharia compliant credit card with no profit added"; KFH's product pages state "No interests" and "No extra percentage added to the total due amount". The entire cost of an Islamic card in Kuwait is therefore the fixed annual subscription/issuance fee (KD 25 to KD 500 depending on tier), plus per-transaction fees - a flat cash-withdrawal fee (KD 6 at Boubyan, Warba and KIB) and a 2.5% foreign-currency commission, which is 2.5% at all four banks. Every bank sells the same plastic in two forms: a Charge card settled in full each month, and a Credit/Revolving card repaid in instalments. That distinction is regulatory, not marketing - see key_rules. Consequence for consumers: comparison in Kuwait turns almost entirely on annual fee, salary threshold and benefits, not on rate.

Bahrain

BHD

10 cards from 7 issuers

Bahrain is the home of AAOIFI (headquartered in Manama) and the CBB Rulebook makes AAOIFI's Shari'a standards part of the compliance opinion an Islamic bank's SSB must publish each year. NO Bahraini Islamic credit card examined here is priced as a percentage profit rate. Both live issuers — Bahrain Islamic Bank and Al Salam Bank — price their cards as a fixed MONTHLY SERVICE FEE in Bahraini dinars, capped annually per tier, which the bank may waive in whole or in part depending on how the cardholder repays. Neither bank names a Shariah contract for its cards in any published document that could be retrieved (no use of 'Ujrah', 'Tawarruq', 'Murabahah' or 'Bai' al-Inah'), so the structure field is recorded null for every Bahraini card rather than inferred. The 'charity clause' is universal and is published as a priced line rather than buried in the T&C: BisB's fee schedule literally names two rows 'Late Payment Fee – Goes to Charity' and 'Over Limit Fee – Goes to Charity' (BD5 each, every tier), and Al Salam footnotes its BD5.500 late payment penalty '*Late Payment Penalty will be transferred to charity account' and additionally routes any FX mark-up above actual cost to charity. Bahrain has just been through a consolidation wave: Al Salam Bank absorbed Ithmaar Bank's consumer business and Kuwait Finance House – Bahrain (now ASB Finance B.S.C. (c)), while NBB acquired Bahrain Islamic Bank. The practical result is that a Bahraini consumer's choice of Shariah-compliant credit card is now essentially two banks and nine products.

Oman

OMR

22 cards from 7 issuers

22 Shariah-compliant consumer credit cards from 6 issuers were identified for this record (Bank Nizwa 5, Meethaq 4, Sohar Islamic 4, ahli islamic 4, Dhofar Islamic 3, Alizz Islamic Bank 2). A seventh Islamic institution, Muzn Islamic Banking (National Bank of Oman), offers NO credit card of any kind. Structurally Oman is an outlier in the GCC: not one Omani issuer uses Tawarruq for cards. Every issuer that names a structure uses Ujrah, Qard Hassan, or Qard Hassan with an Ujrah layered on for services — Dhofar Islamic and Meethaq both name the pair explicitly, Bank Nizwa names pure Qard Hassan, and Sohar Islamic and ahli islamic name Ujrah alone. Bai' al-Inah, permitted in Malaysia, appears nowhere in the Omani market. Commercially the market has settled on a fixed monthly fee in place of a profit rate, and no Omani Islamic card publishes a monthly or annual percentage profit rate at all. Fee levels are high in absolute terms: monthly fees run from OMR 6 (Bank Nizwa Standard) to OMR 120 (Sohar Islamic Infinite). Rewards are thin — only Dhofar Islamic (0.5-1.5% tiered), ahli islamic (up to 1% cashback plus Pearl Points) and Meethaq's Lulu co-brand (2% at Lulu Hypermarket) publish an earn rate; Bank Nizwa and Sohar Islamic publish none. The charity clause is universal: all six issuers direct late-payment charges to charity rather than booking them as income, and Dhofar Islamic extends it to the over-limit fee.

Bangladesh

BDT

38 cards from 23 issuers

READ structural_change_in_progress FIRST: five of the ten full-fledged Islamic banks described below were merged into the new state-owned Sammilito Islami Bank PLC with effect from 1 December 2025, so the ten-bank picture painted by Bangladesh Bank's May 2026 statistics is a snapshot of legal entities that the regulator's own resolution action has already superseded. Bangladesh has TEN full-fledged Islamic banks — more than any other country in South Asia — and its Islamic card market is correspondingly deeper than Pakistan's. Bangladesh Bank's Islamic Banking and Finance Statistics for May 2026 records ten full-fledged Islamic banks (Islami Bank Bangladesh, Al-Arafah Islami, Social Islami, Standard Bank, EXIM, First Security Islami, Shahjalal Islami, Union Bank, Global Islami, ICB Islamic) operating 1,700 branches between them; seventeen conventional banks running 49 Islamic banking BRANCHES; and twelve conventional banks running 632 Islamic banking WINDOWS. Islamic banks held 21.85% of total banking deposits in May 2026, against 78.15% for conventional banks. Total system deposits were BDT 21.97 trillion. THE STRUCTURAL POINT FOR CARDS: unlike Pakistan, where the largest Islamic banks issue no credit card at all, Bangladesh's Islamic banks DO issue true revolving credit cards — but they do so using THREE DIFFERENT AND INCOMPATIBLE COST STRUCTURES, which makes cross-shopping unusually hard. (1) A SINGLE FLAT UJRAH FEE — Islami Bank Bangladesh's Khidmah range charges a fixed 'Monthly Maintenance Fee' (Tk. 1,000 to Tk. 5,200 depending on tier) whenever any balance over Tk. 100 remains, with NO percentage rate at all; the effective cost is punitive on small balances and cheap on large ones. (2) A BANDED FLAT SLAB — Standard Islami Bank's Tijarah cards charge a 'Monthly Payable Profit Charge' drawn from a 19-band table keyed to the outstanding balance, so the cost jumps at each boundary (Tk. 400/month at a Tk. 20,000 balance, Tk. 750/month at Tk. 20,001). (3) A CONVENTIONAL-STYLE PERCENTAGE RATE — EXIM Bank charges a flat 25% per annum under Bai-Murabaha, and Social Islami Bank charges 2% monthly / 24% per annum. The system-wide investment mode mix (May 2026) is dominated by Bai-Murabaha at 43.76% and Bai-Muajjal at 17.19%, with Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk (HPSM) at 17.39%, Ijarah 5.22%, Mudarabah 4.81% and Qard-e-Hasan 1.95%. A SECOND STRUCTURAL POINT: nearly every Bangladeshi Islamic credit card is DUAL-CURRENCY (BDT plus USD), with fees quoted in both, reflecting the country's foreign-exchange quota regime — EXIM markets Travel Quota, RFCD and Retention Quota card variants, and Standard Islami Bank prices whole card tiers (Platinum-RFCD, Platinum-ERQ) purely in USD. A THIRD: disclosure quality is materially worse than Pakistan's. Two of the banks in this dataset publish their card Schedule of Charges as a SCANNED PHOTOGRAPH with no text layer (Islami Bank Bangladesh's Annexure-D, and Global Islami Bank's card SoC, whose only extractable string is 'CamScanner'). Several banks publish no eligibility criteria at all. Bangladesh has no equivalent of Pakistan's SBP-mandated Key Fact Statement.

Türkiye

TRY

11 cards from 7 issuers

Six participation banks were examined and at least eleven consumer credit cards identified across five of them: Kuveyt Türk (Sağlam Kart, Sağlam Kart Kampüs, Miles&Smiles, Özel Bankacılık), Türkiye Finans (Happy Kart, Happy Zero), Albaraka Türk (Worldcard, Eflatun, Özel), Vakıf Katılım (VKart) and Türkiye Emlak Katılım (Paraf Kredi Kartı). Ziraat Katılım and Hayat Finans were NOT covered — see TR-banks.json. Turkish participation-bank cards sit fully inside the mainstream Turkish card infrastructure: they run on the same World, Bonus, Paraf and Troy programmes as conventional banks and offer the same merchant instalments. The market's most notable feature is the range of answers to the same question. At one extreme Türkiye Finans charges a tiered profit-share rate right at the national ceiling; at the other Türkiye Emlak Katılım publishes a profit rate of ZERO and simply forbids revolving — its minimum payment is 100% of the statement and it has no cash-advance facility at all.

Brunei

BND

6 cards from 2 issuers

Brunei is effectively a one-issuer market for Islamic credit cards. Bank Islam Brunei Darussalam (BIBD) is the country's dominant bank and the only Shariah-compliant credit-card issuer identified: five consumer credit cards and a corporate card. Baiduri Bank, the other major bank, is conventional and no Islamic credit card was found for it — though that is a NOT-FOUND, not a proven absence (see BN-banks.json). Islamic financial assets are reported to represent over half of Brunei's total market share. The distinguishing structural fact is the CONTRACT: BIBD runs its cards on Al-Wakalah bil Ujrah — agency with a fee — where the bank acts on the cardholder's behalf to administer payment to the merchant via the card scheme, for a fee. That is a different family of contract from Indonesia's Kafalah + Qardh + Ijarah, from Malaysia's Bai' al-Inah and Tawarruq, and from the Gulf's Ujrah-and-Tawarruq blends. The recurring charge is an Administration Fee of 1.5% a month applied to the CARD LIMIT — the same limit-based (rather than balance-based) design used across Indonesia, arrived at through a completely different contract. The offsetting rebate, Ibra', is explicitly DISCRETIONARY and is never granted on cash advances.

United Kingdom

GBP

1 cards from 11 issuers

The UK is the largest Western Islamic-finance centre by institution count, with several fully licensed Islamic banks, and it still has no Islamic bank credit card. Its Islamic finance capacity has concentrated almost entirely in savings deposits and property finance (home purchase plans, buy-to-let, bridging), the two places where an asset-backed structure maps cleanly onto a profitable product. Unsecured revolving consumer credit is the gap. The single Shariah-certified card that does exist comes from a conventional credit-builder lender, not an Islamic bank, which tells you where the commercial logic actually sits: the viable niche is credit-file building for people excluded from mainstream credit, not halal borrowing.

South Africa

ZAR

1 cards from 6 issuers

South Africa is the most mature Islamic retail banking market of the five researched: one full Islamic bank (Al Baraka) plus three conventional banks running genuine Islamic windows (Absa, FNB, Standard Bank), each with its own Shariah committee, in a country where Muslims are a small minority. It is the only one of the five with a certified Shariah card from a mainstream bank. It is also the market where the honest limits are most visible in writing: Absa publishing that its bundled card is not compliant, and Al Baraka's announced credit card still absent two years after being called imminent. The prior that 'South Africa is the most likely of these five to have a real Islamic credit card' was correct — with the caveat that what exists is a charge card.

Three things comparison sites leave out

The contract

An Islamic card is Islamic because of the contract underneath it, not the label on the front. We name it on every card we can, and explain what each one actually means for what you pay.

Named on 390 of 480 cards

The source document

Fees live in the bank’s schedule of charges, not its advertising. We link the document behind the figure so you can check us, and we quote the sentence the number came from.

Linked on 455 of 480 cards

The gaps, admitted

Where a bank does not publish a figure, we leave it blank and say so. A confident number that nobody can trace is worse than an honest gap, because you might act on it.

See exactly what we have and have not verified

The contracts, explained

There are only a handful of ways to build a credit card without charging interest. Each has a different cost to you, and scholars do not agree on all of them.

A few worth looking at

Cards where the bank names its contract and publishes its rate, so you can see what you are agreeing to.

aafaq Islamic Finance

Aafaq Platinum Credit Card

AED 250 welcome bonus, 2% AIF Rewards on international spend, free for life

Annual fee
No annual fee
Profit rate
3.99% /mo
Minimum income
AED 8,000 a month
Structure
Murabahah
Mixed rewards

Full breakdown

ADCB Islamic Banking

TouchPoints Gold Credit Card

Up to 0.5 TouchPoints per AED 1 spent, on a no-annual-fee card

Annual fee
No annual fee
Profit rate
3.69% /mo
Minimum income
AED 5,000 a month
Structure
Murabahah
Reward points

Full breakdown

Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank

Smiles Classic Card

4 Smiles points per AED 5 spent locally, 12 per AED 5 in the Smiles app, no annual fee

Annual fee
No annual fee
Profit rate
3.75% /mo
Minimum income
AED 5,000 a month
Structure
Murabahah
Reward points

Full breakdown

We are not going to tell you whether this is halal for you.

Scholars disagree about Islamic credit cards, sometimes sharply, and some of the strongest criticism comes from inside Islamic finance itself. Our job is to set out the arguments accurately, name who holds them, and link the sources. The ruling is between you and a scholar you trust.